マイチューターのGlobal Issues

Question：

http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/0715233059.html

TED Talks オリジナル動画

アルツハイマー病があなたの脳の運命でなくてもいいのです—『アリスのままで』の著者リサ・ジェノヴァは言います。 この疾患の最新の研究を紹介するとともに、アルツハイマー病に強い脳を作るために私たち個人ができることについての有望な研究成果にも触れます

Question：

http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/0715214758.html
TED Talks オリジナル動画
超知的な人工知能(AI)の力を享受しながら、機械に支配される破滅的な未来を避けるというのは、どうしたらできるのでしょう？ 全知の機械の到来が近づきつつある中、AIのパイオニアであるスチュワート・ラッセルが取り組んでいるのは少し違ったもの──確信のないロボットです。常識や利他性その他の深い人間的価値に基づいて問題解決をする「人間互換のAI」という彼のビジョンに耳を傾けましょう。

Questions :
http://www.mytutor-jpn.com/info/2017/0715215707.html
ハッキング事件、偽ニュース、フィルターバブル、そして他にも様々な言葉が、情報化時代の流行語として登場しました。しかし、地政学的な情勢を操作しようと目論む輩が真に狙う標的は、卑劣にも、あなたなのです。サイバースペース・アナリストのローラ・ガランテによる、危機感溢れるトーク。

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions ):

1. What did she teasingly say to those who are thinking they don’t have Alzheimer’s disease?

2. How does this disease create a fear according to the speaker?

3. What is the point of connection of two neurons called?

4. What is release from synapse?

5. Who believe that the disease begins when amyloid beta begins to accumulate?

6. What device can detect initial step into the disease?

7. What took place after our microglia janitor cells become hyper-activated?

8. According to the speaker, how likely is it for us to inherit Alzheimer’s from our parents?

9. How do deep sleep affects our brain according to the speaker?

 
10. What do scientist believe, according to her, about the poor sleep hygiene?
 

Part 2 (Express Yourself Questions):

1. Why do people forget?
2. What is the difference between the long term and short-term memory?
3. How do we avoid forgetfulness?
4. What’s the worst scenario you have had about forgetfulness?
5. Has a family member or relative forgotten your name or birthday?
6. How do you think it feels taking care of someone who have Alzheimer’s disease?
7. Do you consider of working as a caregiver?
8. How should we deal with our loved ones who have the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
9. Can anyone who violate the law could be excused once he said he has Alzheimer’s disease?
10. What would you do if your husband forgets your wedding anniversary?
11. What are common reactions of people who realized they have forgotten little or simple things thoughtlessly?
12. Do you fear that someday your brain would deteriorate causing you to forget often?
13. What is the most important thing in your life that you never want to forget?
14. Can debts be easily forgotten?

15. Do mistakes bound to be forgotten?
16. Do you feel guilty if you forgot to greet a loved-one on his/her birthday?
17. Is it a crime if you forget to bring your driver’s license if caught by a traffic officer?
18. How serious is forgetfulness as our physical condition is concern?
19. Can forgetting lead a crime?
20. Why do toddlers’ long -term memory crucial for their growth and development?

 

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions ):

1. What is the pressing social issue? 

 
2. Is storytelling important?
 

3. Why is it important?

4. What did she learn 10 years ago?

5. How many investigations they’ve conducted?

6. What is the good news for this crowd?

7. Why is it so difficult to have female directors if they’re part of the solution?

8. What are the wake of franchise successes examples?

9. What if those A-listers simply added an equity clause or an inclusion rider into their contract?

 
10. What would happen if the next generation of audiences grew up with a whole different screen reality?
 

Part 2 (Express Yourself Questions):

1. Do you like watching movies?
2.  What kinds of movie are you interested in?
3.  Have you ever seen a movie with a female lead character?
4.  How do you think Japanese movies and Hollywood movies differ when it comes to gender roles?
5.  Who is your favorite movie actor and actress?
6.  Do you agree that films can not only transport us, but films can also transform us?
7.  What comes to mind when you hear the word director? Are they always associated as boys?
8.  What do you think is the reason why females are far more likely to be sexualized in film than their male counterparts?
9.  What are the usual roles woman gotten in the film?
10. . Movies exist so producers can have money. Agree or disagree?
11. . Cite the difference between what man and what woman want in movies.
12. . Do you think that in the future sexism in entertainment media can be eliminated?
13. . What do you think is the best way to promote the roles of women in media?

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions):

1. How did he describe human rights in his speech?

2. How did he describe conflict?

3. What is his view about compromise is good; that conflict is bad but

4. Who are referred to as the framers? What are their concerns?

5. Explain: The constitution is “an invitation to struggle.” How and why?

6. What were his examples of collaboration and collusion between government

 
7. How was the importance of struggle recognized? 
 

8. What was the serious problem addressed by United Nations? To whom did

they collaborate? Why did they decide to raise such problem?
 
9. What benefits did corporations receive from partnerships with governments?
 
10. How did collaborations and partnerships become the paradigm of public
health? 
 
11. What should be the main concern and responsibility of governments
when collaborating with industries? 
 
12 . Why did he suggest that sometimes we need to engage in conflict?
 

PART 2 (Express Yourself Questions):

1. What are human rights? Where do they come from?
2. Why should anyone respect them? Who is entitled of human rights?
3. Who is exempted of human rights?
4.  Why do we talk about human rights and not human responsibilities?
5. How can defend our rights?
6. Do you agree that constitutions will only invite struggles and hardships to its people?

7. Do you believe that corporations silently deprive us with our rights?
8. Do you believe in the sincerity of government to help its people?
9. Was there an instance that your rights were violated? How?
10. Do you think governments are doing their duty to protect the common
good?
11. Would you accept a take-it-or-leave-it settlement in exchange for your
silence?
12. Would you fight for the rights of others?
13. Would you participate in taking actions in conflicts of your society? Why?

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions)

1. How to get the support of people whose foundation of democracies starts questioning about the system?

 
2.When has the hacking and leaks happened?
 
3. This is where the Democratic National Committee’s networks and the personal email accounts of its staff released last 2016.
 
4. What do you call on the hackers that were sponsored by Russian government?
 
5. When was the year APT28 group had been tracked?
 

6. What country first recognize how the evolution of social media turned to the most exploitable device on the planet?

 
7.What do you call in the ability to use information on someone else so that they make a decision on their own accord that’s favorable for you?
 
8.What are the real operations that Russia did aside from hacking phone calls and e-mails and networks keep grabbing the headlines?

9. According to the speaker, this is a place where people increasingly living and it isn’t by ones and zeroes, but by information and the people behind it.
 
10. What does the speaker advice to her listener?
 

Part 2 (Express Yourself Questions):

1. What do you know about hacking?
2. Why do you think hackers do what they do?
3. Do you think hackers add to new technology developments?
4. What do you think technology companies think about hackers?
5. Are you worried someone could hack into your computer?
6. What could you lose if someone hacked into your computer and how

upset would you be?
 7. Do you always download security updates to protect your computer from
hackers?

8. Do you think large companies fear hackers?
9. Who do you think is ahead of the game, the hackers or the software companies?
10. What kind of damage could terrorist hackers do?
11. How does the way the Internet is structured shape its security concerns?
12. Who matters more to the Internet’s future, states or individuals?
13. What cyber threat concerns you the most? What is cyberwar to you?
14. When does it begin or end?
15. How can we build a safer cyber world?
16. What group or organization do you think is the biggest cyber threat?
17. Where should the power and responsibility of national governments begin and end in cyberspace?
18. What is the role of government in securing cyberspace?
19. Is it ok for a victimized organization to “hack back”? What are the dangers?
20. What are the emerging and future technologies that we will have to worry the most about from a security perspective?

Part 3 (Activity):

Part 1 (Comprehension Questions with Sample Answer):

1. According to Stuart Russel, who is Lee Sedol?

2. What is Stuart Russel’s definition about real world?

3. Is the idea that AI might spell the end of the human race a new thing?

4. What did Alan Turing (the Father of computer Science and AI) said about AI might end the human race? 

5.  What is a Gorilla problem according to the speech?
6. According to him, what can we do about the feeling that making something smarter
than your own species?

7. What did Norbert Wiener said about AI? 

8.  What does “the King Midas Problem” means according to Stuart Russel?
 
9. What are the three principles involved?
 10.  Does the robot has to copy human’s behavior according to Stuart Russel?
 


Part 2 (Express Yourself Questions):

1. What images do you have on your mind when you hear the word ‘robot’?
2.  Why do you think people invented Robots?
3. . How do you think people would live in the future if robots will be our

helper?
4. What do you think are the disadvantages of an AI?
5. What do you think will be the greatest contribution of robots in our life?
6. Do you think robots will give us a convenient life?
7. In your own opinion, will robots replace humans as work force in the
future?
8. Do you think robots take over the world one day?
9. The West sees robots as threatening, Japan sees them as helpful – howabout you?
10. Which movie about robot is your favorite?
11. What would you like your robot to do if you have a chance?
12. What role will robots play in our society after five decades?
13. Will robots ever like identical to humans’ behavior?
14. Do you think robots will ever have emotions?
15. What would happen if you programmed a robot to hate and to love?
16. What pet name would you give to your robot?
17. Do you think people will have robots as companions, instead of a family?
18. Do you think people will have robots as companions, instead of a pets?
19. Will robots have rights in the future?
20. Have you ever felt as though you were a robot?
 

Part 3 (Activity):

Vocabulary Match
altruism civilization queasy feeling subservient position, notion cognition
redefined catastrophe “Holy Cow!” compatible dire straits taser
inevitable aligned nail down

1. _____________is an exclamation of surprise used mostly in the United States, Canada, Australia and England. It is a minced oath or euphemism for “Holy Christ!” 2. _____________ the stage of human social development and organization

that is considered most advanced. 3. _____________ prepared to obey others unquestioningly or submissively. 4. _____________ in a very bad situation that is difficult to fix. 5. _____________ nauseated; feeling sick 6. _____________ “to catch, seize” 7. _____________ an event causing great and often sudden damage or
suffering; a disaster. 8. _____________ a conception of or belief about something. 9. _____________ selflessness is the principle or practice of concern for the
welfare of others. 10. _____________ place or arrange (things) in a straight line. / give
support to (a person, organization, or cause). 11. _____________ define again or differently. 12. _____________ a weapon firing barbs attached by wires to batteries,
causing temporary paralysis. 13. ______________ certain to happen; unavoidable. 14. ______________ (of two things) able to exist or occur together
without conflict. 15. ______________ the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge
and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

           Edited by  セシル

           IELTS　TOEFL　インストラクター

 

私たちはどうして英文法を学ぶのでしょう。
自然できちんとした英語を話したり、文章を作ったり、あるいは、本を読んだりするために必要なのが文法です。
みなさんの中には、すでに長い間、文法を勉強されてきた方も多いことでしょう。
また、文法学習に疑問を持つ方もいらっしゃるかもしれません。
文法は自然に身に付けるべきだとか・・、日本人は文法ばかり勉強しているから
英語がはなせない・・などの意見もあるでしょう。
しかし、ネイティブとは違い英語習得時間が限られた私たちは、文法を身に付けることで、
正しい英語を習得する時間を短縮できるのです。

 
IELTS、TOEFL、英検など英語検定試験では、ちょっとした文法のミスが合否を分けることもあります。
普段から文法に注意して英語学習に取り組んでください。
今回は、冠詞の正しい使い方について学習します。
 

What are articles?　　　冠詞とは？

artic(冠詞)とは、単純に名詞の前に”つける” ものではありません。
むしろ、名詞の前に置くことによって、続く名詞がどのような性質のものか予告する働きをもちます。
冠詞には「specific 定冠詞」と「unspecific 不定冠詞」と呼ばれるものがあります。
不定冠詞はa/an、の2種類、定冠詞は　the　を使います。
 
使い方
Article + noun　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Example:   an + apple
a + balloon
the + umbrella
 
 

不定冠詞　a/anを使う場合

それまで話しに出てこなかったもの、つまり聞き手や読者が知らない事柄を示す時に使います。
 I bought an apple from the supermarket yesterday.
私は昨日スーパーでりんごを1つ買いました。
 
相手がそれまで意識していなかった、それまで聞いたことのないりんごなのでanを使う。
次に昨日買ったりんごを食べたという文では定冠詞theを使います。
I ate the apple I bought yesterday.  私は昨日買ったそのりんごを食べた。
昨日買ったりんごであることが聞き手にはわかっているのでtheを使う。
 

a/an の区別

a と an の使い分けは、名詞が母音で始まる場合は an をつけ、子音で始まる場合は a をつけます。
母音とは、日本語でいえば「ア、イ、ウ、エ、オ」の5つになります。
Examples are:　 a book
a pair of shoes
a great friend
例文　　: Mike has always been a great friend of mine.
Examples are:    an umbrella
an amazing talent
an unforgettable experience
例文　: She was born with an amazing talent.

 
注意　１
実際の発音が母音で始まる場合には、つづりが子音から始まっていてもanと結びつきます。
Example:  an honest person instead of a honest person
honestは子音で始まりますが「h」は発音せずに次の「o」を”a”と発音しているのでanを
使います。
 
注意　2
y / w は「半母音」と呼ばれ、a と結びつきます。
a year,  a word
 
注意 3
実際の発音が母音で始まらない場合には、つづりが母音で書かれていてもa と結びつきます。　 a university
Examples are:　 a book
a pair of shoes
a great friend
例文　　: Mike has always been a great friend of mine.
 

定冠詞　the　を使う場合

Theは、「ほかとはっきり区別がつくもの」で聞き手・読書が「ああ、あれのことだな」と
納得できるものが次にくることを予告することにもなります。
Examples are: 　　the house
the sunken treasure
the next heir
例文　: The government discovered the sunken treasure approximately one mile from here.
 
以上のように冠詞は特別難しいものではありません。　冠詞の基本ルールを覚えて、
スピーキングやライティングの際は、正しい冠詞の使い方を心がけましょう。
次に、冠詞の特別な用法も覚えましょう。
 

冠詞　+　形容詞　　　形容詞を伴うことによって不定冠詞が必要になる場合

ふつうは無冠詞か定冠詞とともに使う名詞でも、形容詞とともなうと不定冠詞が必要になる場合があります。
形容詞をともなうと、「いくつもある種類のうちの〜な1つ」「いくつもある側面のうちの〜な1つ」
という意味合いが生まれるからです。
例文
an + amazing + talent = an(不定冠詞) +amazing(形容詞) +talent (unspecified noun)
the + sunken + treasure = the(定冠詞) + sunken (adjective) +treasure (specified noun)
 

冠詞　+　数えられる名詞（可算名詞）

数えられる名詞（可算名詞）は単独では使えず、数値、a/an,the,myなどと結びつきます。
可算名詞であるかを知るために、複数形であるか、または”s”が付いていないかをチェクします。
特定のもので複数形の場合は”the”を使い、不特定で単数形の場合は”a”又は”an”を使います。
 
例　  an + onion (means one onion; singular; unspecific)　１つのタマネギ
a kid (means one kid; singular; unspecific)　１人の子供
the umbrella (means one umbrella; singular; specific)　（すでに話に出た）１つの傘
the umbrellas (means many umbrellas; plural; specific)　（すでに話に出た）いくつもの傘
 

冠詞　+　所有格（his, her,　my etc. ）

 
所有格は、theに意味が１つ加わったものと考えてください。<the + 私の> でmyになります。
だれのものか明白な状況では、原則として所有格は使いません。
          誤　 She wants to bring her the umbrella because it’s raining outside.
          正　 She wants to bring the umbrella because it’s raining outside.
 

冠詞を使わない場合

冠詞を使わない場合は、「1つのまとまりとしてとらえることができず」「どれとはっきり決めることができないが」
「とりあえず存在するもの」を示すことになります。
 
love, happiness, experience, など抽象名詞では原則冠詞は使わない
Happiness is what I’ve been aiming for my whole life.
 
名詞だけ見れば（聞けば）、だれのことか、または、それのことかすぐわかる場合は冠詞を使わない。
誤　I want to dine at the McDonalds tonight.
正　I want to dine at McDonalds tonight.
誤　The Sheena is smart.
正　We will go where The Statue of Liberty is located.

食事・スポーツ・ゲームの名前には冠詞を使わない
誤　I like to play the basketball so much.
正　I like to play basketball so much.
 
数えられない名詞（不可算名詞）には冠詞を使わない
ただし、不可算名詞の前に数えられる前置フレーズがあれば”the”が使えます。
誤　I want to take home a bread from the grocery.
正　I want to take home bread from the grocery.
誤　She gave me an advice about my career, yesterday.
正　She gave me a piece of advice about my career, yesterday.
正　Don’t cry over spilt milk.

一般的なアイデアには冠詞は使わない
　　誤　The Pollution is one of the most common problem of the communities nowadays.
正　Pollution is one of the most common problem of the communities nowadays.

IELTSライティング Task 1　 Bar Chart（棒グラフ）攻略

お勧めしたい４段落構成

1. Introduction　　     （序論）
2. Overview 　             （大要）
3. Body Paragraph A　　（本論A）
4. Body Paragraph B     （本論B）

1　　INTRODUCTION Paragraph　序論

表現の言い換え　Paraphrase the information given by IELTS

第一段落では、序論として「そのグラフが何を表しているか」を書きます。
それは設問文に示されていますが、設問文をそのままコピーするのではなく、
言い換えた文を書くことが大切です。
序論ではできれば2つの文を作るとよいでしょう。
グラフが何を表しているのかを簡単に説明していきます。
“ Units are measure in・・・・” のように書いていきます。

サンプル　パラグラフ

重要ポイント！

同じ単語やフレーズの繰り返しを避けるために
「言い換え表現　synonyms」を覚えることが大切です。
また、次のようなアカデミックな表現を使いましょう。”The chart….consumer goods…
「　　」はアカデミックな文章ではよく使われます。
グラフの日付に合わせた時制を使うことに注意します。

2　　OVERVIEW Paragraph　大要

まずはグラフにある主な特徴を選びます。
それはグラフで表す数値が高いものや低いもの、或いは比較的大きな変化などです。
それらの特徴の概要を書いていきます。大要は評価の25％にあたる大切なところです。

サンプル　パラグラフ

3つの主な特徴

全体的特徴（どちらの国がより消費しているか）
最も消費しているもの
最も消費していないもの

重要ポイント！

Task 1　の中で最も大切な部分
全体的な特徴(Overall)から書き出すこと
グラフの数値を比較しながら説明していく（Often use comparatives.）
英文を論理的に展開するために、さまざまな接続表現を覚える。(range of linking devices)
While / whereas / as opposed to / compared to / in comparison with.

3            BODY Paragraphs 本論

本論は2つ以上書きます。通常2つの本体を書きだします。
本論では、さらに細かくグラフの特徴を比較しながら説明します。
グラフの特徴を2つの側面に着目して、論理的に描写していきます。

グラフの中で最も消費したものと消費が最低のものに着目する

消費額に最も格差があるものに着目する

サンプル　パラグラフ

Body paragraph(本論)では、数値を入れながら説明するようにしてください。
どんなに上手に書けても数値がない説明文は評価が上がりません。

それでは、最高得点（バンド　スコア　9）の模範解答をご覧ください。

The chart illustrates the amount of money spent on five consumer goods (cars, computers,
books, perfume and cameras) in France and the UK in 2010. Units are measured in pounds sterling.
Overall, the UK spent more money on consumer goods than France in the period given.
Both the British and the French spent most of their money on cars whereas
the least amount of money was spent on perfume in the UK compared to cameras in France.
Furthermore, the most significant difference in expenditure between the two countries was on cameras.
In terms of cars, people in the UK spent about ‎£450,000 on this as opposed to
the French who spent £400,000. Similarly, the British spent more money on books
than the French (around £400,000 and £300,000 respectively).
In the UK, expenditure on cameras (just over £350,000) was over double that
of France, which was only £150,000.
On the other hand, the amount spent on the remaining goods was
higher in France. Above £350,000 was spent by the French on computers
which was slightly more than the British who spent exactly £350,000.
Neither of the countries spent much on perfume which accounted for £200,000 of expenditure
in France but under £150,000 in the UK.