マイチューターの英語4技能対策

Lesson 50　　 Chronic Diseases

Topic Question: 　Can you discuss the prevalence and treatment of chronic diseases in Japan?

No. 1: 　Introduction–　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

In Japan, the prevalence of chronic diseases has been rising, largely due to the aging population and lifestyle changes. Major chronic conditions include heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes, with cancer being the leading cause of death. Despite these challenges, Japan’s healthcare system, known for its efficiency and universal coverage, plays a crucial role in the management and treatment of these diseases. The system emphasizes early detection and regular check-ups, with screening programs for cancer and other chronic diseases widely available. Treatment approaches in Japan often incorporate a blend of modern medical practices and traditional methods, such as dietary modifications and the use of herbal medicines. Additionally, public health initiatives focus on promoting healthy lifestyles, including regular exercise and balanced nutrition, to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. The government also supports research and development in medical technology and pharmaceuticals to advance treatment options.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Prevalence (普及率, fukyūritsu): The proportion of a population found to have a condition.

“The prevalence of chronic diseases in Japan is increasing, posing a challenge to public health.”

2. Screening programs (検診プログラム, kenshin puroguramu): Health care services that check for diseases before there are any symptoms.

“Japan offers extensive screening programs for early detection of cancer and other chronic conditions.”

3. Lifestyle changes (生活習慣の変更, seikatsu shūkan no henkō): Modifications to daily habits and behaviors to improve health.

“Adopting lifestyle changes is a key strategy in managing chronic diseases in Japan.”

4. Herbal medicines (漢方薬, kanpōyaku): Medicines made from plants, used in traditional medical practices.

“Herbal medicines often complement conventional treatments for chronic diseases in Japan.”

5. Public health initiatives (公衆衛生イニシアチブ, kōshū eisei inishiachibu): Programs and policies designed to improve health and prevent disease across a population.

“Japan’s public health initiatives aim to reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases through education and prevention strategies.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“A stitch in time saves nine” – This phrase means that solving a problem early will prevent it from becoming much bigger.

“Early detection through screening programs, a stitch in time, is crucial in managing chronic diseases effectively in Japan.”

“Public health initiatives promote lifestyle changes as a stitch in time to save nine, preventing chronic diseases before they develop.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How effective do you think Japan’s approach to chronic diseases is, especially considering its aging population? Are there areas for improvement?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore the impact of cultural factors on the treatment and perception of chronic diseases in Japan. How do traditional beliefs and practices influence healthcare choices? Discuss the role of technology and innovation in treating chronic diseases, considering Japan’s position as a leader in technological advancement. Additionally, consider the social and economic implications of a rising prevalence of chronic diseases. How does this trend affect healthcare costs, insurance, and the overall economy? What strategies could be implemented to better address the challenges posed by chronic diseases in Japan and globally?

Lesson 49 　 Healthcare System

Topic Question: 　How does the Japanese healthcare system work, and how is it funded?

No. 1: 　Introduction–　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

The Japanese healthcare system is characterized by universal coverage, ensuring that all residents have access to healthcare services. It operates under a social insurance model, where the system is funded through premiums shared by employers, employees, and the government. Patients are free to choose their healthcare providers and can visit specialists without the need for a referral. This system aims to provide high-quality, accessible, and affordable healthcare services to its population. Health insurance in Japan is divided into two main categories: Employee Health Insurance for those employed and their families, and the National Health Insurance for self-employed, unemployed, and retired individuals. The system is known for its efficiency, with relatively low healthcare costs compared to other developed countries, yet achieving high health outcomes. Additionally, the government plays a significant role in regulating healthcare costs by setting prices for medical services and medications to prevent inflation.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Universal coverage (全員保険, zen’in hoken): A health care system where all individuals have health coverage.

“Japan’s healthcare system is notable for its universal coverage, ensuring every resident has access to medical care.”

2. Social insurance model (社会保険制度, shakai hoken seido): A system where healthcare is funded through contributions from employees, employers, and the government.

“The Japanese healthcare system operates on a social insurance model, with costs shared among all stakeholders.”

3. Premiums (保険料, hokenryō): Payments made to insurance companies to provide coverage.

“Healthcare funding in Japan relies on premiums collected from the insured parties and their employers.”

4. Efficiency (効率性, kōritsu-sei): The ability to accomplish something with the least waste of time and effort.

“The efficiency of the Japanese healthcare system is demonstrated by its ability to deliver high-quality care at controlled costs.”

5. Regulate (規制する, kisei suru): To control or maintain the rate or speed of something so that it operates properly.

“The government regulates healthcare costs in Japan, ensuring medical services and medications remain affordable.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“In good health” – This phrase is used to describe someone’s well-being or the absence of illness.

“The Japanese healthcare system aims to keep the nation ‘in good health’ through its comprehensive services and preventive care measures.”

“Thanks to universal coverage, residents of Japan can maintain ‘in good health’ without the burden of excessive medical costs.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: What are the strengths and challenges of the Japanese healthcare system? How does it compare to the healthcare systems in other countries?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve deeper into the implications of Japan’s aging population on its healthcare system. How is the system adapting to the increased demand for elderly care? Discuss the potential for technological innovations, such as telemedicine and AI, to improve efficiency and accessibility in healthcare. Additionally, explore the role of preventive care and health education in sustaining the health of the population. How do cultural attitudes towards health and wellness contribute to the overall effectiveness of the healthcare system? What lessons can other countries learn fro

Lesson 48 　Trends and Future Outlook of the Japanese Economy

Topic Question: 　Can you discuss the trends and future outlook of the Japanese economy and its impact on businesses?

No. 1: 　Introduction–　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

The Japanese economy, the third-largest in the world, has shown resilience and adaptability over the years. It faces several trends and challenges, including an aging population, technological innovation, and globalization. The aging demographic has led to a shrinking workforce and increased social welfare costs, impacting economic growth and labor markets. However, Japan has also embraced technological advancement and innovation, positioning itself as a leader in industries such as robotics, automotive, and clean energy. The country’s approach to globalization has seen a balance between maintaining its cultural identity and adapting to global economic trends. Looking forward, the Japanese economy is likely to focus on leveraging technology to address demographic challenges, expanding its global market presence, and fostering sustainable practices to ensure long-term economic health. These factors will significantly impact how businesses operate, requiring adaptability, innovation, and strategic international collaboration.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Resilience (回復力, kaifukuryoku): The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.

“The resilience of the Japanese economy is evident in its ability to bounce back from recessions and natural disasters.”

2. Aging population (高齢化社会, kōreikashakai): A demographic trend where the proportion of people aged 65 and over increases.

“Japan’s aging population poses challenges for the workforce and healthcare system.”

3. Technological innovation (技術革新, gijutsu kakushin): The introduction of new technologies or methods that improve products, services, or processes.

“Technological innovation drives Japan’s leadership in several key industries.”

4. Globalization (グローバル化, gurōbaruka): The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

“Japanese businesses are adapting to globalization by expanding overseas and embracing international partnerships.”

5. Sustainable practices (持続可能な実践, jizokukanōna jissen): Methods or techniques that do not completely use up or destroy natural resources.

“The future of the Japanese economy may rely on adopting more sustainable practices to ensure long-term prosperity.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“At the crossroads” – This phrase signifies a critical point where a major decision or choice must be made, often leading to significant change.

“The Japanese economy stands at the crossroads, facing decisions that will define its future trajectory and impact on global businesses.”

“As it addresses demographic and technological challenges, Japan is at the crossroads, choosing paths that will ensure sustainable growth.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: Considering Japan’s economic trends, what strategies should Japanese businesses adopt to thrive in the future? How can they balance tradition with innovation?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve into the potential global impacts of the trends in the Japanese economy. How might Japan’s economic strategies influence international markets and global economic policies? Discuss the role of Japanese businesses in leading technological innovation and sustainability efforts on the world stage. Additionally, consider the impact of Japan’s aging population on global labor markets and economic models. How can other countries learn from Japan’s approach to demographic challenges and technological advancement? Share your thoughts on how global businesses can collaborate with Japanese companies to foster innovation and sustainable development.

Lesson 47 　Nemawashi　（Corporate Decision-Making）

Topic Question: Can you explain the significance of “nemawashi” in decision-making processes in Japanese companies?

No. 1: Introduction –　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Nemawashi, a foundational element of Japanese business culture, is an informal process of laying the groundwork for proposed changes or decisions by talking to the people concerned, gathering support, and receiving feedback before any formal meeting takes place. This term, which literally translates to “root binding,” originally comes from the practice of preparing the roots of a tree or plant for transplantation, ensuring a smooth transition. In the corporate context, nemawashi ensures that by the time a proposal reaches the formal decision-making stage, consensus has already been built, and any potential resistance has been addressed. This process highlights the Japanese values of harmony, consensus, and respect for all members of an organization. It allows for a more democratic and inclusive approach to decision-making, where the emphasis is on collaboration and avoiding conflict.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Groundwork (下準備, shita jumbi): Preliminary or preparatory work.

“Nemawashi is about doing the necessary groundwork to ensure the success of a proposal or project.”

2. Consensus (合意, gōi): General agreement.

“The goal of nemawashi is to reach a consensus before any formal decision-making process begins.”

3. Feedback (フィードバック): Information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task, etc., used as a basis for improvement.

“Gathering feedback during the nemawashi process is crucial for refining proposals and addressing concerns.”

4. Harmony (調和, chōwa): The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole.

“Nemawashi contributes to the harmony within Japanese companies by promoting understanding and agreement.”

5. Democratic (民主的, minshu-teki): Relating to or supporting democracy or its principles.

“Nemawashi allows for a more democratic approach to decision-making by involving everyone affected by the decision.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“Smooth sailing” – This idiom is used to describe a situation where success is achieved without difficulties.

“Thanks to effective nemawashi, the new policy implementation was smooth sailing, with all team members onboard.”

“Nemawashi ensures that projects have smooth sailing by addressing potential obstacles in advance.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How does nemawashi influence the speed and efficiency of decision-making in Japanese companies? Do you think this approach has more advantages or disadvantages?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore the applicability of nemawashi in international and multicultural business environments. How can the principles of nemawashi be adapted or adopted by companies outside Japan to enhance their decision-making processes? Discuss potential challenges and benefits of implementing nemawashi in different cultural contexts. Additionally, consider the role of technology in facilitating the nemawashi process, especially in remote or distributed teams. How does digital communication impact the effectiveness of nemawashi? Share any experiences or observations you may have regarding informal consensus-building practices in your own work or study environments.

Lesson 46　　 Business Culture

Topic Question: 　What are the key characteristics of Japanese business culture?

No. 1: 　Introduction –　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Japanese business culture is renowned for its unique blend of traditional values and modern efficiency, creating a distinct corporate environment that prioritizes harmony, respect, and meticulousness. Key characteristics include the importance of hierarchy, where respect for seniority and authority shapes interactions and decision-making processes. Consensus-building, or “nemawashi,” is crucial for making decisions, ensuring that all parties are consulted and in agreement before moving forward. Another fundamental aspect is the emphasis on long-term relationships over short-term gains, fostering loyalty and trust among business partners. Punctuality, attention to detail, and a strong work ethic are also highly valued, reflecting the commitment to quality and reliability. Additionally, the practice of exchanging business cards, or “meishi,” with both hands, signifies respect and acknowledgment of the other party’s status.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Hierarchy (階層, kaisō): A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

“Understanding and respecting the hierarchy is essential in Japanese business culture.”

2. Consensus-building (合意形成, gōi keisei): The process of reaching a general agreement within a group.

“Nemawashi is a form of consensus-building that involves informal discussions before formal meetings.”

3. Punctuality (時間厳守, jikan gengshu): The act of being on time.

“Punctuality is considered a virtue in Japanese business, reflecting respect for others’ time.”

4. Meishi (名刺): Business cards exchanged in a formal manner as part of business protocol.

“Exchanging meishi at the beginning of a meeting is a critical ritual in Japanese business etiquette.”

5. Work ethic (職業倫理, shokugyō rinri): The principle that hard work is intrinsically virtuous or worthy of reward.

“The strong work ethic in Japan contributes to the high standards of professionalism and diligence.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“The nail that sticks out gets hammered down” (出る杭は打たれる) – This proverb emphasizes the value of conformity and harmony within Japanese society, including the business environment.

“In the context of Japanese business culture, this proverb reminds individuals to value group harmony over personal ambitions.”

“Adhering to this principle, employees often strive to work cohesively rather than standing out, which is reflective of the collective ethos.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do these cultural characteristics influence the global perception of Japanese businesses? What challenges and advantages do they present in international business settings?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s discuss the impact of globalization on Japanese business culture. How are traditional practices adapting to the demands of a global market? Consider the integration of Western business practices, such as flexibility and individualism, with traditional Japanese values. Additionally, explore how Japanese companies maintain their cultural identity while expanding internationally. What lessons can global businesses learn from Japanese business culture, especially in terms of building long-term relationships and commitment to quality? How can businesses balance cultural adaptation with the preservation of their core values in a globa

Lesson 45 　　Bento

Topic Question: Can you explain the concept of “bento” and its importance in Japanese culture?

No. 1: Introduction–　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Bento, a term deeply ingrained in Japanese culture, refers to a single-portion take-out or home-packed meal typically contained in a compact, sectional box. Beyond its practicality for meal organization, the bento encapsulates the Japanese aesthetic of balance and harmony in food presentation. It traditionally includes a combination of rice, fish or meat, and pickled or cooked vegetables. Bentos can range from simple homemade meals prepared for school or work to elaborately crafted boxes sold at restaurants and train stations. The practice of making bento can be seen as an act of care and thoughtfulness, often prepared by parents for their children or spouses for their partners. The artistic and culinary discipline involved in bento preparation reflects the broader Japanese values of attention to detail, aesthetic presentation, and mindfulness in daily life.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Sectional (区分けされた, kubunke sareta): Divided into sections; having parts that are clearly distinct.

“Bento boxes are sectional, allowing for a variety of dishes to be neatly arranged and transported.”

2. Aesthetic (美的, biteki): Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

“The aesthetic presentation of bento boxes is as important as the food itself, embodying the harmony and balance valued in Japanese culture.”

3. Harmony (調和, chōwa): The combination of different aspects to form a consistent and orderly whole.

“Bento encourages dietary harmony, balancing colors, flavors, and nutritional content.”

4. Mindfulness (心をこめて, kokoro o komete): The quality or state of being conscious or aware of something.

“Preparing bento is an exercise in mindfulness, focusing on the needs and preferences of the person who will eat it.”

5. Craftsmanship (職人技, shokunin waza): Skill in a particular craft.

“The craftsmanship in creating kyaraben (character bento) showcases the creative talents of the maker.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences

“A labor of love” – This phrase describes a task done for pleasure, not reward.

“Creating a detailed bento for a loved one is often considered a labor of love, reflecting care and affection through food.”

“Each morning’s preparation of bento is a labor of love, demonstrating thoughtfulness in every carefully placed ingredient.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How does the practice of preparing and consuming bento reflect broader societal values in Japan?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore the evolution of bento in modern Japanese society. How have changes in work culture and technology influenced bento preparation and consumption? Discuss the role of convenience stores and bento shops in providing for the needs of the busy modern lifestyle. Additionally, consider the cultural exchange surrounding bento, such as its increasing popularity worldwide and how it has been adapted in other cultures. What does this global interest in bento reveal about the universal appeal of Japanese food culture? How do you see the tradition of bento evolving in the future?

Lesson 44 　　Fast Food Chains

Topic Question: 　What are some of the most popular Japanese fast food chains and what kind of foods do they serve?

No. 1: 　Introduction –　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

In Japan, fast food goes beyond the international giants to include a variety of local chains that offer quick, delicious, and uniquely Japanese foods. These chains cater to a wide range of tastes, from traditional Japanese dishes to adapted Western-style meals. Some of the most popular Japanese fast food chains include Yoshinoya, known for its gyudon (beef bowl); Mos Burger, offering a unique take on hamburgers with a distinctly Japanese twist; and Tenya, famous for its tempura bowls. Additionally, chains like Sukiya and Matsuya also serve gyudon along with other quick, satisfying meals like curry rice and pork bowls. These fast food outlets are beloved for their affordability, speed, and the quality of food, providing a taste of Japanese culture in a casual, accessible format.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Gyudon (牛丼): A Japanese dish consisting of a bowl of rice topped with beef and onion simmered in a mildly sweet sauce.

“Yoshinoya’s gyudon is a popular choice for a quick and filling meal, embodying the essence of Japanese comfort food.”

2. Tempura (天ぷら): Japanese dish of seafood or vegetables that have been battered and deep fried.

“Tenya specializes in tempura bowls, offering crispy, light tempura atop steaming rice.”

3. Curry Rice (カレーライス): A widely popular dish in Japan, consisting of rice served with a thick curry sauce.

“Sukiya’s curry rice is a flavorful and hearty option, showcasing the Japanese adaptation of curry.”

4. Hamburgers (ハンバーガー): A sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun.

“Mos Burger stands out for its innovative hamburgers, incorporating Japanese ingredients and flavors.”

5. Affordability (手頃な価格, tegorona kakaku): The quality of being cheap or inexpensive.

“The affordability of meals at these fast food chains makes them a popular choice among students and busy professionals alike.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“Quick bite to eat” – This phrase refers to having a small or fast meal, usually with the implication of it being informal or on the go.

“Looking for a quick bite to eat, many people in Japan turn to fast food chains like Yoshinoya for a speedy and satisfying meal.”

“Mos Burger is a great place to grab a quick bite to eat, offering a delicious range of burgers with a unique Japanese twist.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do Japanese fast food chains reflect the culinary culture and preferences of Japan? What distinguishes them from international fast food brands?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s explore the impact of Japanese fast food chains on global cuisine and their presence outside of Japan. How have these brands adapted their menus and practices for international audiences? Discuss the cultural exchange facilitated by the global expansion of Japanese fast food chains. Additionally, consider the role of fast food in modern Japanese society. How do these establishments balance the traditional aspects of Japanese cuisine with the demands of fast-paced, contemporary life? What innovations or trends are currently popular in the Japanese fast food industry, and how might they influence global food trends?

Lesson 43 　　Pets and Animals

Topic Question: 　How do Japanese people view pets and animals in society?

No. 1: 　 Introduction–　 First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

In Japanese society, pets and animals are often regarded with great affection and respect, reflecting a deep-rooted cultural appreciation for nature and life. Pets, particularly cats and dogs, are considered part of the family, receiving care and attention that mirrors that of human family members. This connection is exemplified in the popularity of pet-friendly accommodations, cafes, and even clothing lines designed specifically for animals. Additionally, Japan’s cultural and religious traditions, such as Shintoism, which emphasizes harmony with nature, contribute to the respectful and considerate treatment of wildlife and pets. Festivals celebrating animals, like the Neko no Hi (Cat Day), and the presence of animal motifs in art and folklore further illustrate the integral role animals play in Japanese culture. However, this deep affection also raises challenges, including pet abandonment and the need for responsible pet ownership education.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings

Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Affection (愛情, aijō): A gentle feeling of fondness or liking.

“Japanese people often show great affection towards their pets, treating them as family members.”

2. Harmony (調和, chōwa): The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole, especially in relationships with nature.

“The principle of living in harmony with nature is a key aspect of Japanese culture, influencing attitudes towards animals and pets.”

3. Festivals (祭り, matsuri): Public celebrations or gatherings that often have cultural or religious significance.

“Animal-themed festivals, such as Neko no Hi, highlight the cultural importance of pets and animals in Japan.”

4. Motifs (モチーフ, mochīfu): A decorative image or design, especially a repeated one forming a pattern.

“Animal motifs are prevalent in Japanese art, symbolizing various cultural values and beliefs.”

5. Responsible (責任がある, sekinin ga aru): Having an obligation to do something, or having control over or care for someone, as part of one’s job or role.

“Promoting responsible pet ownership is crucial in addressing issues like pet abandonment.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“Man’s best friend” – This phrase is often used to describe dogs, highlighting their loyalty and companionship.

“In Japan, dogs are not only ‘man’s best friend’ but also cherished family members, celebrated through events and special care.”

“The concept of ‘man’s best friend’ extends beyond dogs, reflecting the deep bond Japanese people share with various pets.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How does the cultural significance of animals in Japan compare to other countries? What can be done to address the challenges related to pets and animal welfare in society?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s delve into the evolving relationship between Japanese society and pets, considering the impact of urbanization and modern lifestyles. How do pet cafes, robotic pets, and pet-friendly policies in public spaces reflect changing attitudes and needs? Discuss the balance between traditional beliefs in the sanctity of life and the practicalities of pet ownership in contemporary Japan. Additionally, explore initiatives aimed at improving animal welfare and promoting responsible pet ownership. What lessons can other cultures learn from Japan’s approach to pets and animals in society?

Lesson 42 　Drinking and Socializing

Topic Question: What are the social norms surrounding drinking and socializing in Japan?

No. 1: 　Introduction– First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

In Japan, drinking and socializing play significant roles in fostering relationships and facilitating communication. However, these activities are governed by a set of social norms that reflect the country’s culture of respect, hierarchy, and harmony. One of the fundamental norms involves the practice of pouring drinks for others, rather than for oneself, which symbolizes care and respect. It is also customary to wait until everyone’s drink is served and a toast, or “kampai,” is made before starting to drink. Additionally, paying attention to the needs of others, such as refilling empty glasses, is considered polite. The respect for hierarchy is evident in how younger people are expected to pour drinks for their elders or superiors. While drinking is an integral part of Japanese social life, there is an unspoken understanding that one should drink responsibly and not cause discomfort to others. These norms not only facilitate smoother social interactions but also reinforce social bonds and respect among individuals.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Hierarchy (階層, kaisō): A system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.

“Understanding the hierarchy within a group is crucial when socializing and drinking in Japan.”

2. Harmony (調和, chōwa): The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole.

“Japanese social norms emphasize harmony, ensuring that everyone feels included and respected during social gatherings.”

3. Toast (乾杯, kanpai): A call to a gathering of people to raise their glasses and drink together in honor of a person or thing.

“Saying ‘kanpai’ together before drinking is a tradition that unites everyone at the table.”

4. Responsibly (責任を持って, sekinin o motte): In a way that shows or takes responsibility.

“Drinking responsibly is a valued aspect of socializing in Japan, with an emphasis on not overindulging.”

5. Discomfort (不快, fukai): A feeling of slight pain or physical or mental unease.

“It is important to drink in such a way that does not cause discomfort or inconvenience to others.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“Mind your manners” – This phrase reminds people to be aware of and follow social rules or norms to ensure respectful interactions.

“In Japanese social and drinking settings, it’s essential to ‘mind your manners,’ showing respect through actions like pouring drinks for others.”

“Being mindful of your manners, especially in how you handle drinking, reflects well on you and your respect for Japanese culture.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: How do these social norms around drinking and socializing reflect broader aspects of Japanese culture? What challenges might foreigners face when trying to navigate these norms?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s discuss the importance of social gatherings and drinking in professional settings in Japan. How do these norms facilitate networking and the building of work relationships? Consider how these practices may have adapted or changed in modern times, especially in more international or diverse workplace settings. Additionally, explore the balance between traditional norms and the need for personal boundaries and health considerations. How do individuals and society at large manage these dynamics? What can people from other cultures learn from Japanese socializing and drinking norms?

Lesson 41 　　Haiku　 (Japanese Poetry)

Topic Question: 　How is Japanese poetry, such as haiku, unique?

No. 1: 　Introduction– First, try answering the question yourself.
The instructor will provide advice on vocabulary, grammar, and expression corrections.

Sample Answer – Let’s read aloud. Instructor will check your pronunciation and accent.

Japanese poetry, particularly haiku, stands unique in the world of literature due to its brevity, structure, and depth. A traditional haiku consists of just three lines with a 5-7-5 syllable pattern, making it one of the shortest forms of poetry. Despite its concise form, a haiku often encapsulates the essence of a moment, particularly the beauty or subtlety of nature, and can evoke deep emotions and reflections. The use of kigo (seasonal words) and the cutting word, kireji, which provides a form of punctuation that enhances the poem’s emotional power, are also distinctive features. This poetic form values simplicity, natural beauty, and the expression of the impermanent nature of life, capturing fleeting moments with profound clarity and resonance.

No. 2: 　Vocabulary Building－　5 Words to Learn and Their Meanings
Pronounce the Words Correctly (Pronunciation Training) + Make Sentences Using the Words Instantly

1. Brevity (簡潔, kanketsu): Shortness of time or duration; briefness.

“The brevity of haiku poetry is what often challenges and fascinates poets and readers alike.”

2. Essence (本質, honshitsu): The intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character.

“A haiku captures the essence of a moment in nature with precision and depth.”

3. Kigo (季語): A word or phrase associated with a particular season, used in Japanese poetry.

“Incorporating a kigo is essential in haiku to evoke the season and deepen the poem’s atmosphere.”

4. Kireji (切れ字): A ‘cutting word’ used in haiku and other forms of Japanese poetry as a form of punctuation that adds an emotional or rhetorical pause.

“The use of kireji in haiku creates a pause, giving the poem structure and enhancing its emotional impact.”

5. Impermanent (無常, mujō): Not lasting forever; temporary.

“Haiku often reflects on the impermanent nature of life, capturing fleeting moments with poignant imagery.”

No. 3: 　Key Idiom and Example Sentences
“Less is more” – This phrase suggests that a minimalist approach can be more effective than something more elaborate.

“In the world of haiku, ‘less is more’ reigns supreme; a few well-chosen words convey complex emotions and scenes.”

“The simplicity and brevity of haiku demonstrate that ‘less is more,’ inviting readers to fill the gaps with their imagination.”

No. 4: 　Discussion and Exchange of Opinions on the Sample Answer
Instructor: What aspects of haiku do you find most appealing or challenging? How does haiku’s emphasis on nature and the present moment resonate with you?

Student: [Opinions of students]

No. 5: 　Free Discussion on the Topic
Let’s discuss the influence of haiku on global poetry and how it has been adapted or adopted in other cultures. Consider the challenges of translating haiku into other languages while maintaining its essence and form. How have modern poets innovated within the traditional structure of haiku to reflect contemporary themes or personal experiences? Additionally, explore how the principles of haiku can be applied to other forms of writing or artistic expression. What lessons can we learn from haiku’s focus on simplicity, nature, and the impermanence of life?