レッスン教材 一覧
● Instructions: Read the article below and summarize it in your own words as far as possible in English.
● Suggested length : 60–70 words
● Write your summary in the space provided on your answer sheet. Any writing outside the space will not be graded.
Lesson 1 [Copenhagen] (204 words)
Copenhagen, the capital city of Denmark, has emerged as a shining example of a city proactively addressing global warming. With a comprehensive and ambitious approach to sustainability, Copenhagen has set a goal to become the world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025. The city has implemented a range of initiatives, including a robust public transportation system, extensive bike lanes, and a commitment to renewable energy sources.
One of Copenhagen’s notable achievements is its focus on cycling infrastructure, encouraging residents to choose eco-friendly modes of transportation. The city has invested heavily in creating an extensive network of bike lanes and bike-sharing programs, reducing reliance on carbon-emitting vehicles. Additionally, Copenhagen is committed to transitioning to renewable energy, with wind power playing a significant role in meeting its energy needs.
While Copenhagen’s efforts are widely praised, challenges remain. Critics argue that achieving carbon neutrality by 2025 is an ambitious target and may involve trade-offs, such as increased taxes and potential economic strain. Additionally, the city faces the complexities of balancing urban development with environmental preservation. Nevertheless, Copenhagen’s dedication to tackling global warming serves as an inspiring model for other cities, showcasing the potential benefits of sustainable urban planning and the importance of balancing environmental goals with economic considerations.
================================================
Lesson 2 [Lottery ] （194 words )
The national lottery has become a significant aspect of modern society, offering the promise of financial gain while also contributing to various causes. Introduced as a means of funding public initiatives, the national lottery has evolved to support diverse sectors such as education, sports, and the arts.
One of the key positive aspects of the national lottery is its role in providing vital funding for essential projects and organizations. Proceeds from lottery ticket sales are often directed towards initiatives that communities benefit, including infrastructure development, healthcare programs, and cultural institutions. For example, funding from the national lottery has enabled the restoration of historical landmarks, the construction of new community centers, and the expansion of educational opportunities.
Despite its benefits, the national lottery also faces criticism and drawbacks. Critics argue that it can preserve gambling addiction and financial hardship for vulnerable individuals allocation. Moreover, there are concerns about the funds, with some questioning whether the lottery adequately supports essential services or merely serves as a form of taxation on those who can least afford it. Additionally, the lottery’s reliance on chance rather than merit raises ethical considerations regarding the distribution of resources and funding priorities.
======================================================
Lesson 3 [School uniforms] （204 words )
From the early 20th century, school uniforms have been a common feature in Japanese schools. They are typically worn by students from elementary through high school. These uniforms often consist of a blazer, shirt, tie, and trousers for boys, and a sailor-style outfit or a blazer and skirt for girls. The aim is to create a sense of unity and discipline among students.
Supporters of school uniforms in Japan argue that they promote equality by reducing visible economic differences among students. Uniforms can help eliminate peer pressure related to clothing choices, allowing students to focus more on their studies. Additionally, wearing a uniform can cultivate a sense of pride and belonging to the school community. It is also believed that uniforms contribute to the overall discipline and order within the school environment.
However, critics point out several drawbacks to the uniform policy. They argue that it suppresses students’ individuality and self-expression. Some students and parents also find the cost of uniforms to be burdensome, especially for families with multiple children. Furthermore, there are concerns about the comfort and practicality of uniforms, particularly during extreme weather conditions. Critics also argue that enforcing uniform policies can sometimes lead to unnecessary conflicts between students and school authorities.
=====================================================
Lesson 4 [Paris water] （192 words )
In the late 1980s, the water supply system in Paris was privatized, with the management handed over to two private companies, Veolia and Suez. This move was intended to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Many citizens seemed to be in favor of the decision and expect better services.
Supporters of the privatization initially argued that private companies would bring expertise and investment, leading to better services and infrastructure. They believed that competition between the companies would keep prices fair while ensuring high-quality water supply. Additionally, privatization was seen as a way to relieve the city of the financial burden of managing the water system.
However, critics pointed out several issues with privatization. They argued that the promised efficiency gains did not arise and that water prices increased significantly under private management. Additionally, there were concerns about the lack of responsibility and transparency, with many feeling that water, a basic necessity, should not be controlled by profit-driven entities. As a result, the Paris city government decided to take back control of the water supply in 2010. The return to public management was seen by many as a victory for the citizens of Paris.
=========================================================
Lesson 5 [Social Media] （190 words )
Since its rise in the early 2000s, social media has become a central part of modern life, connecting people across the globe. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow users to share information, ideas, and experiences instantly. Many people today benefit from social media.
Advocates of social media claim that it offers a wide range of advantages. It has revolutionized the way people communicate, making it easier to maintain relationships and stay informed about global events. Social media also provides a platform for silenced voices, enabling social movements and awareness campaigns to reach wider audiences. Additionally, businesses use social media for marketing, helping them to connect with customers and grow their brands.
Nevertheless, social media comes with its own set of disadvantages. Critics highlight issues such as cyberbullying, misinformation, and privacy concerns. The spread of fake news and harmful content can lead to real-world consequences, such as influencing elections or causing violence. Furthermore, the pressure to maintain a certain online image can lead to mental health problems, particularly among young people. Some argue that social media creates a culture of comparison, where people feel inadequate or dissatisfied with their lives.
============================================================
Lesson 6 [Boxing] （189 words )
Boxing has been a popular sport for centuries, combining physical strength, strategy, and endurance. It is not only a competitive sport but also a form of entertainment that attracts millions of fans worldwide. While boxing has its supporters, it also faces criticism regarding its risks and impact on athletes.
Supporters of boxing argue that the sport offers significant benefits to participants. It helps build discipline, mental toughness, and physical fitness. For many athletes, boxing provides opportunities to rise out of challenging circumstances and achieve personal success. Additionally, the sport generates considerable economic benefits through ticket sales, broadcasting, and sponsorships, contributing to local economies and providing jobs.
On the other hand, critics express concerns about the dangers of boxing. The physical impact of repeated blows to the head can lead to long-term health issues, such as brain injuries and cognitive decline. Furthermore, the sport has been criticized for prioritizing profits over the well-being of athletes. Some argue that stricter safety regulations and better medical support are necessary to ensure participants’ health. These concerns have led to ongoing debates about whether boxing should continue as it is or undergo significant reforms.
=======================================================
Lesson 7 [Gun Control] （202 words )
In the United States, the issue of gun control has been widely debated for decades. While gun ownership is protected by the Constitution, concerns about public safety have led to calls for stricter regulations. In recent years, several mass shootings have increased public interest in strengthening gun laws.
Supporters of gun control believe that stricter laws can help reduce gun violence. For example, background checks on all gun buyers may prevent dangerous individuals from purchasing weapons. Many also argue that limiting access to high-powered firearms could lower the number of mass shooting incidents. In addition, gun control may reduce the number of accidental shootings, especially those involving children. Supporters often say that stronger laws are necessary to protect innocent lives and make communities safer.
On the other hand, opponents argue that stricter gun laws may violate Americans’ constitutional rights. They believe that owning guns is an important part of personal freedom. Critics also say that criminals will still find ways to get guns illegally, even if the laws become stronger. Some people argue that responsible gun owners should have the right to protect themselves. Furthermore, they worry that too many restrictions might lead to the loss of other rights in the future.
========================================================
Lesson 8 [Online Election] （200 words )
Estonia is known for being the first country in the world to introduce online voting in national elections. Since 2005, Estonian citizens have had the option to vote over the internet by using a secure digital identification system. This system allows voters to cast their ballots from their homes or any location with internet access, making the voting process easier and more flexible for many people.
Supporters of Estonia’s online voting system highlight several advantages. One major benefit is increased voter turnout, as people with busy schedules or those living abroad can vote more easily. Voting online is also faster than visiting a polling station and requires fewer physical resources such as paper ballots and staff, which helps save money and reduce waste. Additionally, online systems can be more efficient in counting and reporting election results.
Despite these advantages, there are some concerns. One of the biggest is the possibility of cyberattacks. Some experts worry that hackers could change votes or steal personal information. Another issue is that people who are not used to technology, such as the elderly, may struggle to use the system. As a result, not everyone may be able to vote equally under an online system.
==========================================================
Lesson 9 [Remote Work] （183 words )
Remote work has become a significant feature of modern employment, drastically changing how we view and approach work. However, this shift is not universally ideal for all job types or workers. Many employees have welcomed the flexibility to work from various locations, often reporting a positive impact on their work-life balance. As a result, numerous companies have observed a rise in productivity and employee satisfaction.
Supporters of remote work praise its ability to significantly reduce operational costs for businesses and lessen environmental impact due to decreased commuting. They also note the increased accessibility it provides for individuals in remote areas or those with disabilities, making it easier for a more diverse workforce to participate in the job market.
Although the benefits are clear, critics claim that remote work can also foster feelings of isolation and hamper effective communication among team members. Additionally, they argue that the mixing of home and work life can lead to longer working hours and increased stress. Despite these potential drawbacks, the debate continues, with each side presenting compelling arguments for and against the widespread adoption of remote work.
=======================================================
Lesson 10 [Mobile Phones] （186 words )
The debate on whether young children should own cell phones is becoming increasingly relevant in today’s digital age. However, this issue is complex due to the potential risks and benefits involved. Many parents argue that having a cell phone helps keep their children safe, as they can easily communicate in emergencies. As a result, the number of young children with mobile phones is increasing.
Supporters of this idea highlight the safety and educational advantages associated with children owning phones. They point out that smartphones can serve as powerful learning tools, providing access to educational apps and resources. Furthermore, having a cell phone helps children stay connected with family and friends, fostering communication and social skills.
Although the advantages are evident, critics claim that owning a cell phone at a young age can lead to several problems. They argue that it may cause distraction, reduce face-to-face interaction, and expose children to online risks. Additionally, they suggest that dependency on digital devices from a young age can hinder social and emotional growth. Despite these concerns, the debate continues, highlighting the need for careful consideration by parents and educators.
====================================================
Lesson 11 Electric Vehicles] （185 words )
Electric cars are gaining popularity worldwide as a sustainable alternative to gas-powered vehicles. However, the transition from gasoline to electric vehicles involves significant challenges and considerations. Many governments are implementing policies to promote the use of electric vehicles, including financial support and infrastructure development. As a result, sales of electric cars are steadily increasing each year.
Supporters of electric vehicles argue that they are essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. They highlight the improvements in battery technology and charging infrastructure that make electric cars more practical than ever before. Additionally, electric cars offer lower operating costs and less maintenance compared to traditional vehicles.
Although the advantages are convincing, critics claim that electric cars still face significant hurdles. They point out issues such as limited driving range and higher initial costs compared to gasoline vehicles. Additionally, some argue that the environmental impact of manufacturing batteries and the current reliance on non-renewable energy sources for electricity could negate some advantages. Despite these challenges, the debate continues, with differing views on whether electric cars will completely replace gas-powered vehicles in the near future.
=======================================================
Lesson 12 [Online Shopping] （179 words )
Online shopping has been steadily increasing in popularity over recent years, changing how we shop. However, this growth is not without challenges as the competition between physical and online stores grows stronger. Many consumers appreciate the convenience and variety that online shopping offers. As a result, experts predict that the trend of buying goods online will continue to grow.
Supporters of online shopping highlight its convenience, which allows people to shop from anywhere at any time. They also point out that consumers can easily compare prices and products, helping them make better buying choices. Additionally, online shopping often provides access to a wider range of products than those available in traditional stores.
Although the benefits are substantial, critics claim that online shopping can negatively affect local businesses. They argue that it leads to fewer people visiting physical stores, which might result in store closures and job losses. Additionally, some consumers worry about the environmental impact of increased packaging and shipping. As online shopping continues to rise, these negative effects on local businesses and the environment could become more severe.
====================================================
Lesson 13 [Museums] （188 words )
From the 1980s to the early 2000s, many national museums in Britain were charging their visitors entrance fees. The newly elected government, however, was supportive of the arts. It introduced a landmark policy to provide financial aid to museums so that they would drop their entrance fees. As a result, entrance to many national museums, including the Natural History Museum, became free of charge.
Supporters of the policy said that as it would widen access to national museums, it would have significant benefits. People, regardless of their education or income, would have the opportunity to experience the large collections of artworks in museums and learn about the country’s cultural history.
Although surveys indicated that visitors to national museums that became free increased by an average of 70 percent after the policy’s introduction, critics claimed the policy was not completely successful. This increase, they say, mostly consisted of the same people visiting museums many times.
Additionally, some independent museums with entrance fees said the policy negatively affected them. Their visitor numbers decreased because people were visiting national museums to avoid paying fees, causing the independent museums to struggle financially.
=====================================================
Lesson 14 [Traffic] （199 words )
In the 1990s, heavy traffic was a major problem in the City of London, making it impossible for cars to move around the city at a decent speed. To tackle this problem, the city introduced the world’s first congestion charge in 2003, requiring people to pay a fee to drive in central London. The aim was to reduce the number of vehicles and encourage more people to use public transport.
The policy proved effective soon after its introduction. In 2006, it was reported that the charge had reduced congestion in central London by 30% and traffic by 15%. The money collected from the drivers was used to create new cycle lanes or introduce new bus routes. As a result, more drivers switched from cars to greener transport.
In later years, however, the city faced new challenges. Although the use of private cars declined, more people began using taxis or private hire vehicles such as Uber. Also, more delivery trucks were on the road as online shopping grew. In addition, some people blamed the large amount of roadwork, such as the construction of new cycle lanes. They claimed that such roadwork made traffic worse by taking space away from cars.
======================================================
Lesson 15 [Global Warming] （177 words )
Due to global warming, cities worldwide are facing increasingly high temperatures and environmental challenges like air pollution and urban heat islands. In response, numerous cities, supported by environmental agencies and community groups, have embraced urban greening policies since the 1990s. These initiatives focus on increasing public parks and green roofs to enhance urban living and naturally mitigate the effects of heat
Proponents of these policies argue that expanding urban green spaces not only makes cities more aesthetically pleasing but also improves public health by reducing pollution and providing people with spaces for recreation. They claim that these green areas are essential for mental and physical health, offering a refuge from the urban environment.
However, critics of urban greening policies raise concerns about the high maintenance costs associated with these green spaces. They argue that the funds used for these projects could be better spent on other public services such as education and public transportation. Furthermore, there is a worry that these green spaces attract higher-income residents, leading to gentrification and potentially displacing lower-income families and small businesses.
======================================================
Lesson 16 [Medical Facilities] （170 words )
As access to traditional medical facilities remains limited in rural and remote areas, the need for reliable healthcare has become increasingly critical. Since the early 2010s, technological advancements and improved internet access have significantly boosted the adoption of telemedicine, providing a vital solution to these underserved regions.
Supporters of telemedicine argue that it provides essential health services to underserved populations, making medical care more accessible and timely, especially for those living far from healthcare centers or with limited mobility. It is touted as a revolutionary way to manage chronic conditions and conduct routine consultations, reducing the need for travel and allowing for efficient health monitoring.
However, critics are concerned about the limitations of telemedicine, particularly the challenges of diagnosing without physical exams and the potential for reduced patient-doctor relationships. They also raise privacy concerns, as the transmission of sensitive health data over networks could be vulnerable to breaches. Furthermore, the effectiveness of telemedicine relies heavily on the availability of stable internet connections, which may not be consistent in all regions.
=========================================================
Lesson 17 [Local Economy] （169 words )
Throughout the 2010s, several local governments in Japan and other countries began looking for innovative ways to stimulate local economies and promote regional products. As part of these initiatives, they explored various strategies to encourage residents to spend more within their communities. One significant development was the introduction of digital currencies designed exclusively for purchasing goods and services locally, aiming to boost local spending and support small businesses.
Supporters of local digital currencies argue that they help keep money circulating within the community, thereby strengthening local economies. They also believe that such currencies can attract tourists looking for unique local experiences, and foster a stronger sense of community identity and pride.
However, skeptics of these initiatives express concerns about the practical challenges of integrating digital currencies into daily life. They point out issues related to security, user adoption, and the overall complexity of managing a separate currency system. Additionally, critics worry that if these currencies are not widely accepted, the projects might ultimately fail and waste valuable public resources.
==========================================================
Lesson 18 [Global Issues] （183 words )
Since the early 2000s, there has been a growing awareness among young people about global issues such as climate change, social justice, and political corruption. This awareness, coupled with increased access to information through social media, has encouraged more young individuals to get involved. As a result, there has been a notable increase in political engagement among young people, who feel their active participation is crucial to shaping a future that aligns with their values and aspirations.
Proponents of increased youth engagement in politics argue that it brings fresh perspectives and new ideas to the political landscape, potentially leading to more innovative and effective governance. They also believe that involving young people in politics strengthens democracy by ensuring a more representative and responsive government.
However, there are concerns that despite their enthusiasm, young people often lack the experience necessary to navigate complex political issues effectively. Critics argue that this might lead to oversimplification of issues or emotional rather than pragmatic decision-making. Furthermore, there is a risk that political polarization may intensify if young activists are driven more by ideology than by practical considerations.
======================================================
Lesson 19 [Consumer Demand] （163 words )
From the late 2000s onward, consumer demand for environmentally friendly products and the regulatory pressures to reduce carbon footprints and waste production have influenced corporate behaviors worldwide. As awareness and expectations on environmental impact have grown, businesses have been compelled to adapt. Consequently, an increasing number of companies have started to incorporate sustainability into their business models, reflecting a significant shift in corporate strategies
Supporters of corporate sustainability initiatives argue that they not only help protect the environment but also create long-term value for the businesses by improving brand reputation and customer loyalty. These initiatives are seen as essential for the survival of businesses in a world increasingly focused on environmental impacts.
Critics, however, argue that some companies engage in “greenwashing,” where they mislead consumers about the environmental benefits of their products or practices. They also point out that the costs associated with implementing sustainable practices can be high, potentially putting smaller companies at a disadvantage and leading to higher prices for consumers.
==================================================
Lesson 20 [Sugary Drinks] （176 words )
In recent years, several countries have introduced a tax on sugary drinks, such as soda and energy drinks. The primary aim of this policy is to reduce the consumption of beverages that contribute to health issues like obesity and diabetes. As a result, consumers might opt for healthier alternatives or reduce their overall intake of sugary drinks.
Supporters of the tax argue that it can lead to significant health benefits for the population. Studies have shown that higher prices on sugary drinks result in decreased consumption, which can lower the rates of obesity and related diseases. Additionally, the revenue generated from the tax can be invested in public health programs and education campaigns promoting healthier lifestyles.
However, critics claim that the tax places a financial burden on low-income individuals, who are more likely to purchase sugary drinks due to their affordability and accessibility. They also argue that the tax may not effectively change consumer behavior in the long term. Furthermore, beverage companies may experience a decline in sales, potentially leading to job losses in the industry.
=========================================================
Lesson 21 [Housing Cost] （207 words )
Many cities around the world are experiencing significant increases in housing costs, making it difficult for average residents to afford homes. This trend is often attributed to a combination of factors, including population growth, limited housing supply, urbanization, and investment by foreign buyers seeking safe assets. In response to these challenges, some governments are considering intervening in the housing market to address affordability issues and ensure that residents can secure adequate housing.
Supporters of government intervention argue that implementing policies like rent control and affordable housing programs can help mitigate the problem. They believe that ensuring housing affordability is essential for social stability and economic diversity within cities. Furthermore, they suggest that without such measures, essential workers like teachers and healthcare professionals may be priced out of the cities where they work, negatively impacting public services.
On the other hand, critics assert that such interventions can lead to negative consequences. They claim rent control can discourage investment in new housing developments, leading to an even tighter housing supply. Additionally, they argue that market forces should determine housing prices without government interference. Some also point out that government intervention may create bureaucratic inefficiencies and unintended side effects, such as reduced property maintenance by landlords due to decreased profits.
=====================================================
Lesson 22 [Use of Plastic] （132 words )
The use of plastic bags has been a topic of environmental concern due to their non-biodegradable nature and the pollution they cause. In response, some governments have banned single-use plastic bags or imposed charges to discourage their use. These policies aim to reduce plastic waste and promote the adoption of reusable bags.
Supporters argue that such measures significantly decrease plastic pollution, protect wildlife, and encourage environmental responsibility among citizens. They point to success stories where plastic bag usage dropped dramatically after bans or fees were implemented.
Critics, however, contend that plastic bag bans can inconvenience consumers and may not effectively address the broader issue of pollution. They suggest that alternative materials might have their own environmental drawbacks and that comprehensive waste management strategies are necessary instead of focusing solely on plastic bags.
=====================================================
Lesson 23 [AI] （125 words )
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced, leading to its integration into various industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation. AI technologies are used for tasks ranging from diagnosing diseases to optimizing logistics. This integration promises increased efficiency and innovation.
Advocates highlight that AI can process vast amounts of data faster than humans, leading to better decision-making and cost savings. They believe AI can tackle complex problems and improve the quality of services, ultimately benefiting society.
However, critics express concerns about job displacement as AI automates tasks traditionally performed by humans. There are also ethical considerations regarding privacy, data security, and the potential for AI to make biased decisions if trained on flawed data. They call for regulations to manage AI’s impact on employment and ethics.
=================================================
Lesson 24 [EV] 186 words
EV stands for “Electric Vehicle.” In Japan, the term is mainly used to refer to electric cars. Since many countries have decided to ban the sale of gasoline-powered vehicles by 2035, EVs will be the main vehicles on the road in the future. The most important feature of EVs is that they are environmentally friendly.
Since they run on electricity, they do not emit exhaust gas as gasoline-powered cars do. Moreover, the price of gasoline is dependent on imports from other countries and may rise depending on international conditions, but the price of electricity used in EVs does not fluctuate as much as gasoline and is cheaper.
On the downside, the selling price of EVs tends to be higher than gasolinepowered vehicles. That’s why some people refrain from purchasing EVs. In addition, they take a lot of time to recharge. As of the end of March 2023, there were about 20,000 EV charging spots in Japan, still far from the ideal number. Compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, which take only about five minutes to refuel, EVs can take tens of minutes to several hours to recharge.
======================================================
Lesson 25 [Student Loans] (211 words)
In the US, student loans are often a hot topic of debate. Over the past several decades, the cost of US college education has increased faster than the rate of inflation. As a result, many people have taken out student loans to pay for their college education.
Today, millions of Americans have a large amount of loan debt. Those who view student loans positively point to the increase in the number of college graduates. In 1960, only 7.7% of people had received higher education, but by 2021, that number was 37.7%. This increase shows that student loans have worked well to give more Americans greater access to higher education.
Supporters also point out aspects of the loan system, such as the ability to apply for it regardless of income and the option to start repayment after college graduation. On the other hand, those who want to reevaluate student loans point out the reality that a significant number of people are struggling to repay them.
The average student loan debt in the United States is around $30,000 per person, and approximately 10% cannot be paid back. The consequences of loan default are severe, including having the money taken out of people’s wages and losing the ability to borrow money in the future.
==================================================
Lesson 26 [ZOO] 194 words
Zoos offer enjoyment for people of all ages, from children to the elderly. Many are amazed by giant elephants, excited by majestic lions, and find comfort in adorable pandas. However, recent emphasis on animal welfare has led to increased zoo criticism. Instead of excitement, many people feel sad for the animals, and some think we should get rid of zoos completely.
These people argue that animals in zoos suffer physically and mentally. Zoo enclosures are much smaller than their homes in the wild, causing psychological stress. Many animals display repetitive behaviors like walking back and forth or hurting themselves. Some zoos even provide unsafe living conditions, leading to the death of hundreds of animals in certain cases.
On the other hand, supporters of zoos point out the benefits, notably the conservation of endangered and rare species. Zoos help increase their populations by breeding animals that face challenges in the wild. Some, like the Arabian oryx and California condors, have increased in number in zoos and successfully returned to their natural habitats. Zoos also serve as valuable educational tools. Observing animals firsthand and learning about them can increase interest in and support for conservation efforts.
