マイチューターのライティング

TOEFL iBT ライティングの概要

■所要時間は30分

ライティングセクションは、2時間に及ぶTOEFL iBT®テストの最後のセクションです。

所要時間は30分で、20分間のIntegrated writing taskと10分間の Academic Discussion task

の2つの課題に取り組むことになります。

■2つの課題が課される

▼Integrated writing task

はじめにリーティングとリスニングを行った上でその内容を要約する課題です。

書くだけではなく、読んだり聞いたりする技能も必要なので「Integrated（統合的）」と呼ばれます。

まず3分の時間内でアカデミックなトピックに関する短いパッセージを読み、その後、

同じトピックに関する約2分のリスニング音声を聞きます。リスニング音声の内容は、

パッセージの内容に関する講義となります。


リスニング音声を聞き終わったら、20分間でライティングを完成させます。

解答のライティングは、リーディングとリスニングの内容を使ってようやくする形で質問に答えます。

▼Academic Discussion task

大学の授業の意見交換用のオンライン掲示板に、教授の質問に対する他生徒の回答を参考にし、

自分の意見を投稿します。

トピックについての専門的な知識は問われず、自分の経験や知識に基づいて、

具体的な例とともに、回答を100語以上にまとめます。


設問に明確に答えているか、意見の展開の分かりやすさ、単語・文法の幅広さや

正確さなどが評価されます。

▮　Writing for an Academic Discussion task　サンプル問題

▮　5分でわかる！　TOEFLライティングテストとは

▮　エッセイが上達する秘訣！　Thesis　Statement (Integrated)

▮　エッセイが上達する秘訣！　文章をつなぐ words & phrases  (Integrated)

▮　エッセイが上達する秘訣！　文章構成 (Integrated)

▮　簡単なスコアアップのコツ！　　アメリカ式キーボードに慣れる

▮　簡単なスコアアップのコツ！　　テスト開始のタイミングに気を付ける

▮　パラフレイジング（言い換え）で高得点を狙う

▮　5分でわかる！ Integrated 　速読術

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated パッセージの読み方

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　レクチャーの聞き方　

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　　＝　反論するフレーズ　＝

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated 　= 　読みやすいエッセイ　＝

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　　パッセージを述べるフレーズ

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　　パッセージ・レクチャー　関連付け(1)

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　　パッセージ・レクチャー　関連付け(2)

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　　正しいTrasitions(転換語）の使い方

▮　5分でわかる！Integrated　　時間節約　テンプレート

TOEFL iBT テストは2023年7月26日より試験時間を1時間短縮した新形式のテストになります。

新形式のテストでは、ライティングコースの「Independent task」が

「Academic Discussion task」に変更されます。

「Academic Discussion task」のレッスンをご希望の方は直接担当講師にお申し付けください。

現在　100レッスンご用意しております。

Academic Discussion task 　　100 Lessons (1 Lesson = 25 分）

Academic Discussion task　サンプル問題

「Independent task」は、設問に対して自分の意見を書くタスクでしたが、

「Academic Discussion task」は、Instruction、教授の質問、それに対する他の生徒の

回答を読んだ後に、自分の意見を回答するタスクです。

回答時間は30分から10分に変更になります。

▮　サンプル問題

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

▮　サンプル回答

（出典：　ETS Japan )

TOEFL　Writing のスコアアップに欠かせないのは、

自分が書いたエッセイを英語の先生に添削してもらうことです。

できるだけたくさんのエッセイを書いて、専門の先生に添削してもらいましょう。

マイチューター講師に添削してもらう場合はこちら
(ご利用いただくには、添削専用ポイント又はライティング特訓ゼミのポイントが必要です）

実際の試験同様に時間を計って以下の時間配分でエッセイを書いてください。

５分　―　ブレインストーミング、アウトライン作り

20分　―　エッセイを書く（序論、本論、結論）

5分  　―　見直しと修正

練習問題　（10問）

マイチューター講師に添削してもらう場合はこちら
(ご利用いただくには、添削専用ポイント又はライティング特訓ゼミのポイントが必要です）

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

You can learn a lot about people by the clothes they wear.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

2. Some people prefer working for a very large company that has several hundred employees. Others prefer working for a small company where they know all of their co-workers. Which do you prefer?Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Leaders must pay attention to the advice and opinions of other people.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Every child should be raised in a home with two parents.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

5. Some people believe that in high school, boys should be in classes with only boys, and girls should be in classes with only girls. Other people believe that high school classes should be coeducational, with students of both genders studying together. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

6. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Technological progress has made us lazy.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

7. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Children should always be happy, so they should be sheltered from unhappiness.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

8. Some people think that science and technology are most important to society. Others think that art-, literature, and music are most important. Which position do you favor? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

It is always important to support your friends even if they do something illegal.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

10. When governments make decisions, some people think it is most important to consider the effect of the decision on the economy. Others think the effect on the environment is more important. Which position do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

TOEFL ライティング　Independent Task の解答時間は30分です。

5分でエッセイの構成を計画、20分でエッセイを書き、残り5分で見直し

といった時間配分を心がけてください。

ここでは、ポイントアップに欠かせない「見直し- センテンス構成・多様性・単語」

について例文のチェックを通して説明していきます

自分か書いたエッセイのパラグラフを構成するセンテンスの多様性、構成、語彙

をチェック、修正することでスコアーアップをしてください。

以下3つのパラグラフを読んで、構成、多様性、単語をより適切なものに修正してみてください。

1.  I decide not to get married two years ago. I could finish my university studies. My father he wanted me to get married. My parents they allow me decide. I had married, I have to stay in my husband’s home. Because in my culture, married woman, she has a duty to her husband, it’s our tradition. I choose finishing my degree instead. I will to be a graduate student in Toronto. I will earning my master’s degree in business economics.

2.  I prefer students should have several short vacations throughout the year instead to one long vacation. Students work hardly and need a brake often. Students in country have several short holidays while every seasons. On the contrast, American students   have one long vacation in a summer. I read a paper say that American students forgetting what they learned because the long vacation. This why I belief several short vacations is good than one long vacation.

3.   There are many advantage in having friends that different to me. Such as my friend who is from Turkey learns me alot about his culture. His family is so big and my family is not big. As a result, I like to go to his house to visiting his family. I enjoy the good food. I enjoy the talking because is really cool and interesting. Other friend is an artist. My friend makes pictures and does other arts. It’s really cool. In conclusion, my artist friend is not alike me, I learn good things about art from him. 

▮　エッセイに役立つ単語

advantage    /    contribute /　 examine    /   prefer 　/　 benefit /　 controversy　/　factor    /　    produce /　 cause   　/　   dilemma 　/　 influence  /　 provide　　/　characteristic     /　 effect /　issue /　　 solution    /　  consequence /　essential　　/　　necessary 　/      view    

●　修正されたエッセイを見て自分の修正と比較してください。

1.

 I decided not to get married two years ago so I could finish my university studies. My father wanted me to get married, but my parents allowed me to decide. If I had married, I would have had to stay in my husband’s home because in my culture, a married woman has a duty to her husband. It is our tradition. I chose to finish my degree instead. I will be a graduate student in Toronto, where I will earn my master’s degree in business economics.

2. 

I think students should have several short vacations throughout the year instead of one long vacation because they work hard and need breaks often. Students in my country have several short holidays during every season. In contrast, American students have one long vacation in the summer. I read a paper saying that American students forget what they learn because of the long vacation. This is why I believe several short vacations are better than one long vacation.

3. 

There are many advantages in having friends that are different from me. For example, my friend from Turkey teaches me a lot about his culture. His family is very big, and my family is not big, so I like to go to his house to visit his family. I enjoy the good food and the conversation because it is really wonderful and interesting. Another friend is an artist who paints pictures and creates other art that is very good. My artist friend is not like me, and I learn interesting things about art from him.

TOEFL ライティング　Independent Task の解答時間は30分です。

5分でエッセイの構成を計画、20分でエッセイを書き、残り5分で見直し

といった時間配分を心がけてください。

ここでは、ポイントアップに欠かせない「見直しー　 適切な単語・表現の使い方」

について説明していきます

Independent taskではアカデミックなエッセイが求められます。

自分か書いたエッセイで使われてる語彙や表現に会話調や、くだけたものが

使われていたら減点対象です。　より、フォーマルで適切な表現に修正することで

スコアーアップをしてください。

▮　Word Choice  適切な単語・表現の使い方

エッセイを読みやすく、効果的に伝えるためには、適切な単語や表現を使う必要があります。

TOEFLライティングが求めるアカデミックなエッセイでは、スラングやくだけた

ボキャブラリーを避けて、親しみのある適切な言葉の選択をしてください。

┃　適切な単語・表現の練習

不適切：　

Parents have to get kids food and other stuff.

適切　：　

Parents have to provide children with food and other necessities.

不適切：

Join a hobby club helping you make new friends.

適切：

Joining a hobby club will help you make new friends.

不適切：

People driving more careful the children are walking to school.

適切：

People should drive more carefully when children are walking to school.

不適切：

I’m gonna go for a job in broadcast communications.

適切：

I am going to look for a job in broadcast communications.

不適切：

Competitive sports are totally cool.

適切：

Competitive sports benefit us in several important ways.

不適切：

I’m exciting about my decision apply to film school.

適切：

I am excited about my decision to apply to film school.

不適切：

I no like crazy idea.

適切：

I do not like strange or confusing ideas. 

TOEFL ライティング　Independent Task の解答時間は30分です。

5分でエッセイの構成を計画、20分でエッセイを書き、残り5分で見直し

といった時間配分を心がけてください。

ここでは、ポイントアップに欠かせない「見直しー　変化・多様性のある短いセンテンス」

について説明していきます

Independent taskでは以下の見直しをすることで、読みやすく、興味深い効果的な

エッセイとなります。

☑　変化・多様性のある短いセンテンスと長いセンテンスを使っているか

☑　フォーマルなエッセイに相応しくない用語が使われていないか

☑　文法・ボキャブラリーに間違いはないか

▮　変化・多様性のあるセンテンス

良いエッセイは変化・多様性のある短いセンテンスと長いセンテンスが使われています。

センテンスの中に複数の「節 clause」がある場合は、その節には

conjunction(接続詞),subordinator(従属),conjuctive adverb(接続副詞）

が正しく使われていなければなりません。

●　Conjunctions (接続詞)

and  　　　    but 　　　 or 　　  so 　　 yet

●　Subordinators (従属)

although  　　　 if 　　since    　　 unless 　　　 where

because   　　　  just as 　　 though   　　 when 　　　 while

●　conjuctive adverbs  (接続副詞）

as a result    　　 furthermore 　　 in addition    moreover 　 therefore

consequently    　 however 　 instead    　 similarly 　　 thus

それでは短いセンテンスを1つの長いセンテンスにする方法を見ていきます

短いセンテンス：

Living off campus is exciting. Living off campus is more independent. I prefer the convenience of living on campus.

長いセンテンス：

Living off campus is exciting and more independent, but l prefer the convenience of living on campus.

短いセンテンス：

Teachers are important for motivating children. Parents are even more important. 

長いセンテンス

Although teachers are important for motivating children, parents are even more important.

短いセンテンス：

Athletes are such great entertainers. People like to watch athletes play.

長いセンテンス：

Since athletes are such great entertainers, people like to watch them play.

短いセンテンス：

Children should grow up in the country. Children can experience nature.

長いセンテンス：

Children should grow up in the country, where they can experience nature. 

短いセンテンス：

You are always comfortable. You will never have to struggle. You will not learn much about life.

長いセンテンス：

If you are always comfortable, you will never have to struggle; as a result, you will not learn much about life.

短いセンテンス：

Students are responsible for their own learning. Students should be self-motivated. 

長いセンテンス：

Students are responsible for their own learning, so they should be self-motivated. 

短いセンテンス：

Because students are responsible for their own learning, they should be self-motivated. 

長いセンテンス：

Students are responsible for their own learning; therefore, they should be self-motivated.

短いセンテンス：

Some people like living in a rural area. I prefer the urban lifestyle.

長いセンテンス：

Some people like living in a rural area, but I prefer the urban lifestyle.

短いセンテンス：

While some people like living in a rural area, I prefer the urban lifestyle.

長いセンテンス：

Some people like living in a rural area; however, I prefer the urban lifestyle. 

トピックセンテンスを効果的に裏付けるには、サポートセンテンスで、

詳細情報や具体例を提示する必要があります。

つまり、「なぜ（トピックセンテンスで）そう主張するのか」という

理由を明確に述べなくてはなりません。

そのために、「なぜなら」、「さらに」、「例えば」などの転換語(transition)を使って展開します。

文と文を結びつけるのが転換語であり、TOEFLエッセイでは、転換語は

採点基準の１つである「coherence 首尾一貫性」を保つ役割をします。

それでは、以下のトピックとそれに対するエッセイの中で転換語(transition)の役割を

（順序、追加、結果、対比、例証）を確認していきます。

トピック（質問）

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

The things we learn from our friends are more important than what we learn from our family.

　Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. 

エッセイ（回答） 転換語（Transition)に注目！

When I think about the lessons I have learned in my life, I find many similarities in what I learned from my friends and from my family. There are also differences. Both kinds of lessons have been very important to me. However, when I consider them carefully, I know that the lessons from my family are more important.

While my friends have taught me to enjoy my life, my family has taught me to be strong. My friends have taught me how to feel independent. They have encouraged me to be myself, to have a lot of fun, and to find happiness in life. On the other hand, my mother has taught me to be independent in a very different way. When I was a child, she gave me advice such as “Fight your own battles.” She said that so I would be strong because she could not always protect me. Sometimes this was very difficult for me when I wanted my mother to help me, even though I knew her advice was important.

Furthermore, my family has taught me compassion and forgiveness. My younger brother taught me these qualities. I will never forget that once I was cruel to him because I was angry. My brother was afraid of the dark, but I turned off

the lights to scare him. He was only six years old, and he was afraid and cried.

But later he asked me to read a book to him until he fell asleep. It was his way

to forgive me. I can never forget how my little brother taught me how to forgive.

I believe that our family teaches us the most important things because the lessons from family last longer. My family has taught me to be independent and strong, and this will help me during my whole life. Moreover, they have taught me how to forgive, which is necessary for getting along with other people. In short, the lessons from my family were not always enjoyable, yet they are deeper in my heart. 

以下のトピックについて賛成か反対かを決定し、実際にエッセイを書いてみましょう。

自分で書いたエッセイを自己採点するための質問に答えてください。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 　　　　

The best things in the life do not cost money . 　　　　　　　　　　

Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

あなたが書いたエッセイを読み、以下の質問に答えてみましょう。

１．トピック（質問）はいくつのPartsから成りますか？　それぞれのPartは何をたずねていますか？

２．あなたのエッセイは質問の全てのPartsに答えていますか？

３．エッセイの構成はどのようになっていますか？

４．イントロダクションでどのように述べていますか？

５．エッセイのthesis又は主題はどのように述べていますか？

６．イントロダクションでのthesisをどのようにサポートしていますか？

７．各Bodyパラグラフのトピックセンテンスは何ですか？

８．7の根拠となる理由、詳細情報や具体例はどのように述べていますか？

　　それらの目的は何ですか？

９．結論としてどのように述べていますか？

１０．エッセイはトピックとタスクを効果的に述べられていますか？

解答例

Many of our favorite activities require us to spend money. Some important things in life, such as getting a good education and buying a home, cost a lot of money. However, it does not cost money to experience the best things in life: enjoying nature and being with our friends and family.

We can relax and enjoy the beauty of nature without spending money. Walking in the park, looking at the colorful leaves, and watching the snow falling are good ways to relax. Listening to the beautiful songs of birds does not cost money, but it can make us feel peaceful. Also, we can enjoy nature by having a garden. When I was a child, I helped

my grandmother in her vegetable garden. We pulled up carrots and ate them, and we watched the butterflies and birds. I have many beautiful memories of sunshine and happiness in my grandmother’s garden.

It does not cost money to spend time with our friends and family. We can visit friends and have a good time by talking and laughing. Sometimes we need a little money to go to a movie. However, our time together is more important than the money that we spend. We can do a lot of things that are free. For example, we can go to the library. When I was little, I used to walk to the library with my mother and sister every week to borrow books. When we got home, we sat on the porch and read to each other. Many of our best memories result from these simple things.

Money is necessary in our lives, but having a lot of money does not always lead to happiness. The most important things in life do not require a lot of money. If we learn to enjoy simple things, we will have many wonderful memories, and our memories are entirely free. 　

質問への解答例

1. 質問は２つのparts. から成り立っている。

初めのpartは、トピックに賛成か反対かを述べることです。

2つ目は主張を裏付ける理由や具体例を述べることです。

2. 　　はい。

3. 　エッセイは introduction, body,  conclusionで構成されています。2つのBodyパラグラフは2つのサポートポイントで裏付けられています。

4.  　イントロダクションではthesis (主題）とサポートポイントがわかるように述べられています。

5. 　thesis(主題）はこのように述べられています。

　It does not cost money to experience the best things in life: enjoying nature and being with our friends and family.

6. 　書き手は2つのサポーティング・ポイントでthesis(主題）を裏付けています。サポーティング・ポイントは裏付けとなる理由、例、個人的な経験を述べたBodyパラグラフで展開されています。

7. Body パラグラフ　1 : We can relax and enjoy the beauty of nature

without spending money. 

Body パラグラフ　2　: It does not cost money to spend time with our 　　　　　　　　　　　friends and family.

8. 　答えは様々で、以下のことが含まれています。

 walking in the park; looking at the leaves; watching the snow falling; listening to the birds; having a garden; visiting friends; going to the library; reading; and spending time with family. 

目的はthesis (主題）を裏付け展開することです。

9. 　書き手は結論でthesis(主題）について述べています。

10. 　はい　このエッセイは評価５（満点）だと考えます。

┃TOEFL ライティング　Independent     Conclusion (結論）

Conclusion (結論）はエッセイの最後の文になり、1～2行で短くまとめます。

introduction (序論）で書いたエッセイの主文thesis statementと、

それを具体的に証明したbody (本論）をベースに、まとめたものを、簡潔に書く最終文となります。

間違いを避けるためにほぼ同じ語句を用いてもよいですが、少し言い換えて

多様な表現を用いることを目指すとよいでしょう。

エッセイの Conclusion (結論）を読んで以下の情報が入っているか確認してください。

☑　Introductionでの主張を言い換えて述べていますか（Paraphrase)

☑　主張の繰り返し部分の最初には適切な転換語が使われていますか

☑　Topic sentenceが要約されていますか

☑　裏付け理由がParaphrase（又は抜粋）されていますか

☑　予言(prediction)又は推奨(recommendation)の表現がありますか（省略可）

設問

Some people think that government should spend as much money as possible on developing space technology for the exploration of the moon and other planets. Others think that this money should be spent on solving the basic problems of society on Earth. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 

Introduction

    Society is often divided on major issues involving government spending. One group believes that we should spend as much money as possible on space exploration, while another group thinks that we should spend this money on solving basic social problems on Earth. I believe there are stronger reasons for spending on space technology because this leads to knowledge that will benefit society on Earth.

Body 1

        Spending money on space technology can lead to better ways to produce food and clothing. Space travel requires special ways to preserve and store food for a long journey. Scientists also work on ways to grow vegetables and fruits in space so that astronauts can have fresh food. Scientists must develop new types of clothing made from new materials. Many of these new methods of food and clothing production also benefit people on Earth.

Body 2

     Space exploration has led to important developments in communications technology. One of the first government projects in space technology was for satellite communications. Today, this technology benefits everyone who uses satellite television or telephones.

Body 3

      The most important reason for spending money on space technology is that it promotes international cooperation. When the governments of several different countries work together on space projects, there is better communication between countries. The international space station is a good example of international cooperation that benefits everyone on Earth. Not only does it lead to scientific progress, but it also promotes international understanding.

Conclusion

     In conclusion, several developments in space technology have already helped society on Earth. If we spend money on space programs, we may discover even greater knowledge that will improve our life and promote world peace. 

解説

Introduction での主張(thesis statement) を言い換えて述べている

  In conclusion, several developments in space technology have already helped society on Earth.

予言(prediction)又は推奨(recommendation)の表現

If we spend money on space programs, we may discover even greater knowledge that will improve our life and promote world peace. 

Conclusionで役に立つ表現

Therefore / Thus 「それゆえに」　　　　In conclusion 「結論として」

For these reasons  「こうした理由で」　　After all  「結局のところ」

In short / In summary / To sum up  「つまり」